evm-opcodes VS pm

It is very important for the smart contract developers and auditors to undertand that how solidity based smart contracts/EVM executes its fundamental tasks behind the scenes to get deep foundation of EVM. To know more about the other EVM opcodes, please visit Here and if you want to play with these opcodes in the real time playground, please visit EVM codes playground website .

Debug the transaction in Remix to get to the GAS opcode, which is what gasleft() is doing in the background. There, we will look at the remaining gas field in "Step Details". You can easily get there in several ways:

Each OPCODE has a fixed gas cost. The gas cost of a specific function within the smart contract is the sum of the gas costs of all it's OPCODES. You can find a list of all OPCODES and their associated gas costs here if interested.

And so, each instruction is given a metric that represents how intensive it is to execute, which is that instruction's gas cost, and users have to pay a fee based on how much gas in total a transaction consumes, which is the solution that the Ethereum devs (and the devs of other smart contract chains) have landed on, to address the above issue.

The EVM has a smaller instruction set of opcodes that are very tailored to Smart Contract development compared to what the JVM offers which is a wider set required for programming almost anything.

Everytging a smart contract can do is detailed here: https://github.com/crytic/evm-opcodes

Get involved in the next public testnet. Holešky testnet (Goerli successor) first launch coordination call June 15, targeting September genesis https://github.com/ethereum/pm/issues/803

Attend some All Core Dev meetings if you have doubts https://github.com/ethereum/pm

EIP4844 readiness checklist: https://github.com/ethereum/pm/blob/master/Breakout-Room/4844-readiness-checklist.md

Dencun upgrade with EIP4844 is likely later this year, which will bring lower cost Layer 2 transactions. Follow the readiness of EIP4844: https://github.com/ethereum/pm/blob/master/Breakout-Room/4844-readiness-checklist.md Prague + E starname upgrade is probably 2024, possibly focused on EOF, then followed by a Verkle tree focused upgrade, but none of this has been decided.

There's an EIP 4844 readiness checklist.

The live date for the Shanghai upgrade is likely to be April 12, occurring at epoch number 620,9536. This was announced during the All Core Developers Execution Layer #157 call on 16 March 2023.

On December 8, 2022, the Ethereum core team held an All Core Developers (ACD) meeting. The Ethereum team agreed to target March 2023 as the release date for Shanghai’s mainnet launch. However, this is a tentative date based on the assumption that the Zhejiang, Sepolia, and Goerli testnets are successful.

Shanghai is the next major upgrade for the Ethereum network, following the Merge in September 2022. Key highlights of what to expect include: