enarx VS tokio

Do you mean a trusted execution environment, like Intel SGX? GPUs live outside the TEE, so, no, I think what you're asking for isn't possible. But for doing TEE stuff in Rust, see https://enarx.dev/ .

Keep in mind that I'm using "OS" here loosely; it's a bare-metal program that exposes a subset of Linux syscalls so that the interpreter (which itself is compiled for Linux) can run in the extremely strange context that we target. It's still early days so I won't spend too much time shilling it, but all the code is open source and lives under the umbrella of the Linux Foundation: https://enarx.dev/

What do you use to run Wasm on untrusted systems? Is it Enarx by chance?

Here's the project: https://enarx.dev/

There's not much to say about the company just yet, but I'll note that all of our code is open source and the main project itself that we develop and that does most of the magic lives under the Linux Foundation's Confidential Computing Consortium, it's called Enarx: https://enarx.dev/ . TL;DR: use fancy new CPU features to run workloads in the cloud where both the program itself and all the data it processes are hidden from the cloud provider.

This is my second blog of the Outreachy'22 internship. Before this Internship, I never had any strong development experience. This is the opportunity that enabled me to work across a really good technical Project i.e. "The Enarx Project".

The Enarx Project is the part of Confidential Computing Consortium from the Linux Foundation, the folks here are very collaborative and welcoming. As a fellow mentee, I'd like to thank the Community Manager- Nick Vidal sir. In addition to me, he provided the right guidance to all of us contributors and mentored us to the right path. There were many folks who were more proficient than me and were making up numerous commits, but I tried my level best and was focused to contribute as much as possible and ended up making the maximum number of contributions.

Being able to control nondeterminism is particularly useful for testing and debugging. This allows creating reproducible test environments, as well as discrete-event simulation for faster-than-real-time simulation of time delays. For example, Cardano uses a simulation environment for the IO monad that closely follows core Haskell packages; Sui has a simulator based on madsim that provides an API-compatible replacement for the Tokio runtime and intercepts various POSIX API calls in order to enforce determinism. Both allow running the same code in production as in the simulator for testing.

tokio / hyper / toml / serde / serde_json / json5 / console

tokio - An asynchronous runtime for Rust

3. Tokio

The AWS SDK makes use of the async capabilities in the Tokio library. So when you see async in front of a fn that function is capable of executing asynchronously.

Petar is also looking at implementing concurrency the way it is in Go to have a fully functional virtual machine as it is in the spec. This would likely attract more external contributors to developing the VM. One advantage of Rust is that, with the concurrency model, there is already an extensive library called Tokio which he can use. Petar stresses that this isn’t easy, but he believes it’s achievable, at least as a research topic around determinism and concurrency.

Another thing to point out is that async is a thing in Rust. I'm not going to begin to dive into this paradigm in this article, but know it's handled by the awesome Tokio framework.

So I started by using Tokio, a popular async runtime. The docs and samples helped me get a simple outbound TCP connection working. The Rust async book also had a lot of good explanations, both practical and digging into the details of what a runtime does.

Regarding the quote:

> The Original Sin of Rust async programming is making it multi-threaded by default. If premature optimization is the root of all evil, this is the mother of all premature optimizations, and it curses all your code with the unholy Send + 'static, or worse yet Send + Sync + 'static, which just kills all the joy of actually writing Rust.

Agree about the melodramatic tone. I also don't think removing the Send + Sync really makes that big a difference. It's the 'static that bothers me the most. I want scoped concurrency. Something like <https://github.com/tokio-rs/tokio/issues/2596>.

Another thing I really hate about Rust async right now is the poor instrumentation. I'm having a production problem at work right now in which some tasks just get stuck. I wish I could do the equivalent of `gdb; thread apply all bt`. Looking forward to <https://github.com/tokio-rs/tokio/issues/5638> landing at least. It exists right now but is experimental and in my experience sometimes panics. I'm actually writing a PR today to at least use the experimental version on SIGTERM to see what's going on, on the theory that if it crashes oh well, we're shutting down anyway.

Neither of these complaints would be addressed by taking away work stealing. In fact, I could keep doing down my list, and taking away work stealing wouldn't really help with much of anything.

The PHP <-> Rust bindings are provided by https://github.com/Nicelocal/ext-php-rs/ (our fork of https://github.com/davidcole1340/ext-php-rs with a bunch of UX improvements :).

php-tokio's integrates the https://revolt.run event loop with the https://tokio.rs event loop; async functionality is provided by the two event loops, in combination with PHP fibers through revolt's suspension API (I could've directly used the PHP Fiber API to provide coroutine suspension, but it was a tad easier with revolt's suspension API (https://revolt.run/fibers), since it also handles the base case of suspension in the main fiber).