PySR VS Modia.jl

> Yes, julia can be called from other languages rather easily

This seems false to me. StaticCompiler.jl [1] puts in their limitations that "GC-tracked allocations and global variables do not work with compile_executable or compile_shlib. This has some interesting consequences, including that all functions within the function you want to compile must either be inlined or return only native types (otherwise Julia would have to allocate a place to put the results, which will fail)." PackageCompiler.jl [2] has the same limitations if I'm not mistaken. So then you have to fall back to distributing the Julia "binary" with a full Julia runtime, which is pretty heavy. There are some packages which do this. For example, PySR [3] does this.

There is some word going around though that there is an even better static compiler in the making, but as long as that one is not publicly available I'd say that Julia cannot easily be called from other languages.

[1]: https://github.com/tshort/StaticCompiler.jl

[2]: https://github.com/JuliaLang/PackageCompiler.jl

[3]: https://github.com/MilesCranmer/PySR

I first learned about it with PySR https://github.com/MilesCranmer/PySR, they have an arxiv paper with some use cases as well.

I encourage everyone to read this paper. It's well written and easy to follow along. To the uninitiated, SR is the problem of finding a mathematical (symbolic) expression that most accurately describes a dataset of input-output examples (regression). The most naive implementation of SR is basically a breath first search starting from the simplest program tree: x -> sin(x) -> cos(x) ... sin(cos(tan(x))) until timeout. However, we can prune out equivalent expressions and, in general, the problem is embarrassingly parallel which alludes to some hope that we can solve this pretty fast (check out PySR[1] for a modern implementation). I find SR fascinating because it can be used for model distillation: learn a DNN approximation and "distill" it to a symbolic program.

Note that the paper talks about the decision version of the SR problem. ie: can we discover the global optimum expression. I think this proof is important for the SR community but not particularly surprising (to me). However, I'm excited by the potential future work for this paper! A couple of discussion points:

* First, SR is technically a bottom up program synthesis problem where the DSL (math) has an equivalence operator. Can we use this proof to impose stronger guarantees on the "hyperparameters" for bottom up synthesis. Conversely, does the theoretical foundation of the inductive synthesis literature [2] help us define tighter bounds?

* Second, while SR itself is NP hard, can we say anything about the approximate algorithms (eg: distilling a deep neural network to find a solution[3])? Specifically, what proof tell us about the PAC learnability of SR?

Anyhow, pretty cool seeing such work getting more attention!

[1] https://github.com/MilesCranmer/PySR

[2] https://susmitjha.github.io/papers/togis17.pdf

[3] https://astroautomata.com/paper/symbolic-neural-nets/

I found it curious that one of the implementations of symbolic regression (the "machine scientist" referenced in the article) is a Python wrapper on Julia: https://github.com/MilesCranmer/PySR

I don't think I've seen a Python wrapper on Julia code before.

This is really neat! Since you're interested in this subject, you may also appreciate PySR and the corresponding paper which uses Graph Neural Networks to perform symbolic regression.

For circuits a lot of them are represented by differential-algebraic equations (DAEs) and require modeling tools in order to handle the high differential index of the systems. This is the reason why they are typically handled via acausal modeling systems which can do index reduction. For Julia, this is the ModelingToolkit portion of the SciML ecosystem (https://docs.sciml.ai/ModelingToolkit/stable/), and some modeling tools like https://github.com/ModiaSim/Modia.jl and OpenModelica front-ends https://github.com/OpenModelica/OMJulia.jl.

The thing to watch in the space of Simulink/Modelica is https://github.com/SciML/ModelingToolkit.jl . It's an acausal modeling system similar to Modelica (though extended to things like SDEs, PDEs, and nonlinear optimization), and has a standard library (https://github.com/SciML/ModelingToolkitStandardLibrary.jl) similar to the MSL. There's still a lot to do, but it's pretty functional at this point. The two other projects to watch are FunctionalModels.jl (https://github.com/tshort/FunctionalModels.jl, which is the renamed Sims.jl), which is built using ModelingToolkit.jl and puts a more functional interface on it. Then there's Modia.jl (https://github.com/ModiaSim/Modia.jl) which had a complete rewrite not too long ago, and in its new form it's fairly similar to ModelingToolkit.jl and the differences are more in the details. For causal modeling similar to Simulink, there's Causal.jl (https://github.com/zekeriyasari/Causal.jl) which is fairly feature-complete, though I think a lot of people these days are going towards acausal modeling instead so flipping Simulink -> acausal, and in that transition picking up Julia, is what I think is the most likely direction (and given MTK has gotten 40,000 downloads in the last year, I think there's good data backing it up).

And quick mention to bring it back to the main thread here, the DataDrivenDiffEq symbolic regression API gives back Symbolics.jl/ModelingToolkit.jl objects, meaning that the learned equations can be put directly into the simulation tools or composed with other physical models. We're really trying to marry this process modeling and engineering world with these "newer" AI tools.

Maybe of interest in that context:

https://github.com/ModiaSim/Modia.jl

The authors of that tool have a strong background in modeling and simulation of differential algebraic equations. Not so much in designing DSLs, though, so there maybe some technical oddities. But I expect the simulation aspect to be quite decent.