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Seconding `rr` as suggested by @tux3, it's great for debugging.
Also, the sanitizers for GCC and Clang (https://github.com/google/sanitizers), and the Clang static analyzer (and tidy too) through CodeChecker (https://codechecker.readthedocs.io/).
For the Clang static analyzer, make sure your LLVM toolchain has the Z3 support enabled (OK in Debian stable for example), and enable cross translation units (CTU) analysis too for better results.
In my obviously biased opinion, very specialised, but sometimes exactly what you needed (I have used this in anger maybe 2-3 times in my career since then, which is why I wrote the C version):
https://github.com/tialaramex/leakdice (or https://github.com/tialaramex/leakdice-rust)
Leakdice implements some of Raymond Chen's "The poor man’s way of identifying memory leaks" for you. On Linux at least.
https://bytepointer.com/resources/old_new_thing/20050815_224...
All leakdice does is: You pick a running process which you own, leakdice picks a random heap page belonging to that process and shows you that page as hex + ASCII.
The Raymond Chen article explains why you might ever want to do this.
In my obviously biased opinion, very specialised, but sometimes exactly what you needed (I have used this in anger maybe 2-3 times in my career since then, which is why I wrote the C version):
https://github.com/tialaramex/leakdice (or https://github.com/tialaramex/leakdice-rust)
Leakdice implements some of Raymond Chen's "The poor man’s way of identifying memory leaks" for you. On Linux at least.
https://bytepointer.com/resources/old_new_thing/20050815_224...
All leakdice does is: You pick a running process which you own, leakdice picks a random heap page belonging to that process and shows you that page as hex + ASCII.
The Raymond Chen article explains why you might ever want to do this.
Seconding `rr` as suggested by @tux3, it's great for debugging.
Also, the sanitizers for GCC and Clang (https://github.com/google/sanitizers), and the Clang static analyzer (and tidy too) through CodeChecker (https://codechecker.readthedocs.io/).
For the Clang static analyzer, make sure your LLVM toolchain has the Z3 support enabled (OK in Debian stable for example), and enable cross translation units (CTU) analysis too for better results.
Ignore the command, it's just a placeholder to get meaningful values. The -d flag adds basic cache events, by adding another -d you also get load and load miss events for the dTLB, iTLB and L1i cache.
But as mentioned, you can instrument any event supported by your system. Including very obscure events such as uops_executed.cycles_ge_2_uops_exec (Cycles where at least 2 uops were executed per-thread) or frontend_retired.latency_ge_2_bubbles_ge_2 (Retired instructions that are fetched after an interval where the front-end had at least 2 bubble-slots for a period of 2 cycles which was not interrupted by a back-end stall).
You can also record data using perf-record(1) and inspect them using perf-report(1) or - my personal favorite - the Hotspot tool (https://github.com/KDAB/hotspot).
Sorry for hijacking the discussion a little, but I think perf is an awesome little tool and not as widely known as it should be. IMO, when using it as a profiler (perf-record), it is vastly superior to any language-specific built-in profiler. Unfortunately some languages (such as Python or Haskell) are not a good fit for profiling using perf instrumentation as their stack frame model does not quite map to the C model.