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SurveyJS
Open-Source JSON Form Builder to Create Dynamic Forms Right in Your App. With SurveyJS form UI libraries, you can build and style forms in a fully-integrated drag & drop form builder, render them in your JS app, and store form submission data in any backend, inc. PHP, ASP.NET Core, and Node.js.
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mermaid
Generation of diagrams like flowcharts or sequence diagrams from text in a similar manner as markdown
For math and programming, core plugin-free Obsidian should do fine. For math notes, it has built-in support for mathjax. For programming notes, it displays embedded code nicely via code blocks.
noteapps already covered Excalidraw plugin, which is probably the only "mandatory" one for what you've outlined. (Mandatory in quotes because Obsidian does include a version of mermaid.js which I believe can do drawing etc, but excalidraw's so much more convenient.)
Few days ago someone asked about math note taking and this vault was linked.