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autotiling
Script for sway and i3 to automatically switch the horizontal / vertical window split orientation
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InfluxDB
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have a look at how I3-layout-manager handles already spawned windows.
Also, autotiling will get you to a layout like OP's as the windows are added - doesn't exactly answer the question ("when the windows are already open"), but may be what many people actually want.
You might like https://github.com/TyberiusPrime/i3-instant-layout
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