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InfluxDB
Power Real-Time Data Analytics at Scale. Get real-time insights from all types of time series data with InfluxDB. Ingest, query, and analyze billions of data points in real-time with unbounded cardinality.
About the hashing. There are special image comparison hashing algorithms. These can still "recognize" an image. Even if 1 is a png and another a jpg with a different resolution. An example of that is https://github.com/JohannesBuchner/imagehash.
NOTE:
The number of mentions on this list indicates mentions on common posts plus user suggested alternatives.
Hence, a higher number means a more popular project.