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Note that there's also streamlit [1]. It uses regular python files, rather than notebooks, so they can be easily version controlled. And it has more UI tools.
[1]: https://streamlit.io/
You can, with pyodine: https://github.com/pyodide/pyodide
Here is an example instance: https://notebook.basthon.fr/
The thing is, creating a whole stack in pure JS would be very hard, since the current scientific stacks uses a lot of fortran, assembly and C with python to bind them all. Or julia. It's millions of man hours we are talking about.
So compiling Python into WASM is probably the best deal for such an app.
For the regular web, it would be a deal breaker: you don't want to load 15 mo of runtime before being able to interact with a web page. But for such a scientific app, it's not a problem. Besides, were you to write it entirely in JS, the size would be huge as well.
You could consider an in browser notebook to get your cost down to near nothing - it depends a bit on what kind of tasks your students do whether they fit in the browser (one wouldn't train a large neural network in one for instance)
There's Starboard (which I'm building, it's built specifically for the browser and can integrate into a larger app deeply) and JupyterLite (the closest you will get to JupyterLab in the browser), either can be a good choice depending on your requirements. Both use Pyodide for the Python runtime.
[1]: https://github.com/gzuidhof/starboard-notebook, demo: https://starboard.gg
[2]: https://jupyterlite.readthedocs.io/en/latest/
