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netboot.xyz
Your favorite operating systems in one place. A network-based bootable operating system installer based on iPXE.
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WorkOS
The modern identity platform for B2B SaaS. The APIs are flexible and easy-to-use, supporting authentication, user identity, and complex enterprise features like SSO and SCIM provisioning.
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live-custom-ubuntu-from-scratch
This procedure shows how to create a bootable and installable Ubuntu Live (along with the automatic hardware detection and configuration) from scratch.
For netbooting we rely on a netboot.xyz inspired ipxe based setup.
Newer versions of OS use cloud init -> https://cloud-init.io/
At my company, we've built what you describe. We run a few hundred clients, which boot from the network and run in RAM only. We've opensourced a part of our setup: https://github.com/DigitecGalaxus/netbooting-thinclients. The creation of a squashfs is based on an abstraction with Docker, we start with a plain ubuntu Docker image, unminimize it, customize it and at the end basically create a squashfs with a `docker cp`.
This repo has information on how to create a squashFS https://github.com/mvallim/live-custom-ubuntu-from-scratch but you'll have to store it on nfs, smb, or something for pxe to be able to boot it.