us VS CPython

It might be easier to think about it as a stack, rather than a tree. Each element of the stack represents a subtree -- a perfect binary tree. If you ever have two subtrees of height k, you merge them together into one subtree of height k+1. Your stack might already have another subtree of height k+1; if so, you repeat the process, until there's at most one subtree of each height.

This process is isomorphic to binary addition. Worked example: let's start with a single leaf, i.e. a subtree of height 0. Then we "add" another leaf; since we now have a pair of two equally-sized leaves, we merge them into one subtree of height 1. Then we add a third leaf; now this one doesn't have a sibling to merge with, so we just keep it. Now our "stack" contains two subtrees: one of height 1, and one of height 0.

Now the isomorphism: we start with the binary integer 1, i.e. a single bit at index 0. We add another 1 to it, and the 1s "merge" into a single 1 bit at index 1. Then we add another 1, resulting in two 1 bits at different indices: 11. If we add one more bit, we'll get 100; likewise, if we add another leaf to our BNT, we'll get a single subtree of height 2. Thus, the binary representation of the number of leaves "encodes" the structure of the BNT.

This isomorphism allows you to do some neat tricks, like calculating the size of a Merkle proof in 3 asm instructions. There's some code here if that helps: https://github.com/lukechampine/us/blob/master/merkle/stack....

You could also check out section 5.1 of the BLAKE3 paper: https://github.com/BLAKE3-team/BLAKE3-specs/blob/master/blak...

This isn't what I'm asking for - I don't care if it's baked into us, exists as a backend for minio, uses PseudoKV https://github.com/lukechampine/us/issues/67, or whatever the case may be. I see no value in sending any third party my private data in an unencrypted form (uploading to your server, even if over HTTPS, you got my data).

Web Scraping Tool Development: Develop a Python based web scraping tool capable of extracting data from targeted web pages on Yahoo Finance and presenting the data extracted in a readable format. Our target site relies on AJAX to load and update the data dynamically so we will need a tool that is capable of processing JavaScript.

Dealing with piles of papers or scattered Excel sheets for employee information can be a real headache, right? Well, what if I told you there's a smoother way to handle all that? A system that lets you easily store, update, and find details about your employees in just a few clicks. Sounds neat, doesn't it? In this article, we're going to explore creating an employee management system using Python, Tkinter, and SQLite3.

Python is a versatile tool, and today we're delving into a practical use case that can simplify your daily routines. With the datetime module at your disposal, handling dates and times becomes a breeze, making it perfect for crafting accurate and dynamic product receipts. Whether you're a seasoned Python pro or just starting your coding journey, this article will guide you through each step with ease.

When working in Visual Studio Code (VS Code), create a new Python file for our music player project. It's helpful to have separate files for different parts of your project.

> It provides a meaningful performance improvement for at least one popular platform (realistically, on the order of 5%).

At first it will not provide a large boost, but it will set the foundations for larger gains in subsequent releases. They link a list of some proposed improvements already underway, with improvement estimates, at https://github.com/python/cpython/issues/115802

After that, with the basics of software engineering understood, I would move on to a wider use language, with a bigger ecosystem to employ, most likely Python. This would expose me to large system design / distributed systems and architectural challenges...

Have you ever felt like your photos needed a little extra touch to stand out? Well, get ready because we're about to learn a cool Python trick! We're going to take ordinary photos and turn them into awesome pencil sketches using Python and OpenCV. This will make your pictures look like they were drawn by hand!

Have you ever found yourself in a situation where you needed to convert a bunch of images into a PDF file quickly and efficiently? Imagine the convenience of converting a series of images from your recent trip into a single PDF album with just a few clicks. In this article, we will cover the process of building an Image PDF Converter App using Python. With the help of libraries like tkinter, os, and Python Imaging Library (PIL), we'll walk through the process of creating a powerful tool that can streamline this task for you.

If you've ever wanted to learn how to use Python or if you already know a bit and want to try something new, then you're in the right place! In this article, we'll show you step-by-step how to make your very own calculator using Python's Tkinter library, a renowned Python library for creating graphical user interfaces. Tkinter stands out for its simplicity, versatility, and widespread use in the Python community. It doesn't matter if you're a total beginner or an experienced coder looking for a fun project, we'll guide you through everything you need to know.

Pandas is an open source, BSD-licensed library providing high-performance, easy-to-use data structures and data analysis tools for the Python programming language.