us VS AspNetCoreDiagnosticScenarios

It might be easier to think about it as a stack, rather than a tree. Each element of the stack represents a subtree -- a perfect binary tree. If you ever have two subtrees of height k, you merge them together into one subtree of height k+1. Your stack might already have another subtree of height k+1; if so, you repeat the process, until there's at most one subtree of each height.

This process is isomorphic to binary addition. Worked example: let's start with a single leaf, i.e. a subtree of height 0. Then we "add" another leaf; since we now have a pair of two equally-sized leaves, we merge them into one subtree of height 1. Then we add a third leaf; now this one doesn't have a sibling to merge with, so we just keep it. Now our "stack" contains two subtrees: one of height 1, and one of height 0.

Now the isomorphism: we start with the binary integer 1, i.e. a single bit at index 0. We add another 1 to it, and the 1s "merge" into a single 1 bit at index 1. Then we add another 1, resulting in two 1 bits at different indices: 11. If we add one more bit, we'll get 100; likewise, if we add another leaf to our BNT, we'll get a single subtree of height 2. Thus, the binary representation of the number of leaves "encodes" the structure of the BNT.

This isomorphism allows you to do some neat tricks, like calculating the size of a Merkle proof in 3 asm instructions. There's some code here if that helps: https://github.com/lukechampine/us/blob/master/merkle/stack....

You could also check out section 5.1 of the BLAKE3 paper: https://github.com/BLAKE3-team/BLAKE3-specs/blob/master/blak...

This isn't what I'm asking for - I don't care if it's baked into us, exists as a backend for minio, uses PseudoKV https://github.com/lukechampine/us/issues/67, or whatever the case may be. I see no value in sending any third party my private data in an unencrypted form (uploading to your server, even if over HTTPS, you got my data).

Important: following #prefer-asyncawait-over-directly-returning-task from https://github.com/davidfowl/AspNetCoreDiagnosticScenarios/b... is not correct.

The concerns raised are niche and edge case and task must always be forwarded as is provided there is no post-processing or resource cleanup with idisposable.

This one is a pretty decent guide - https://github.com/davidfowl/AspNetCoreDiagnosticScenarios/blob/master/AsyncGuidance.md

The C# (mostly applicat community has e.g. https://github.com/davidfowl/AspNetCoreDiagnosticScenarios/blob/master/AsyncGuidance.md written by one of the Asp.Net architects. I found this in this lovely thread https://news.ycombinator.com/item?id=36785691 which expresses my views/confusion more clearly than I can express.

No it doesn't, hence why there are best practices guidelines written by the .NET architects, and there was a research project to add Go/Java co-routines as well.

https://github.com/davidfowl/AspNetCoreDiagnosticScenarios/b...

https://twitter.com/davidfowl/status/1532880744732758018?lan...

https://github.com/dotnet/runtimelab/issues/2057

https://github.com/dotnet/runtimelab/issues/2398

They don't work just fine in C#, there is a reason why one of ASP.NET architects has written a guide of best practices.

https://github.com/davidfowl/AspNetCoreDiagnosticScenarios/b...

Many that praise async/await in C#, kind of forget it took about 10 years to spread across all the layer of the language and runtime, since it was done via IL rewriting, it caused several issues with F# async tasks, due to the age of the ecosystem plenty of code isn't async/await friendly and needs to be wrapped into Task.Run() or similar.

There is a best practices guideline from one of the ASP.NET architects, https://github.com/davidfowl/AspNetCoreDiagnosticScenarios/b...

During last year they researched adding Go/Java's approach to .NET, but now it is too late. See the ASP.NET Q&A session at BUILD 2023.

The best guidance I have found was from here: AsyncGuidance.md

To expand upon this thought, here is the AsyncGuidance doc[1] on why not to use .Result to get the return value of a completed Task in C#.

To make this simple they introduced async Main[2] a few years ago.

[1]: https://github.com/davidfowl/AspNetCoreDiagnosticScenarios/b...

Async Guidance