retdec VS c2rust

found something called retdec @ https://github.com/avast/retdec

RetDec

https://github.com/avast/retdec (multiple machine code formats to C/C++)

// // This file was generated by the Retargetable Decompiler // Website: https://retdec.com // Copyright (c) Retargetable Decompiler // #include #include #include #include // ------------------------ Structures ------------------------ struct _IO_FILE { int32_t e0; }; // ------------------- Function Prototypes -------------------- int64_t __do_global_dtors_aux(void); int64_t __libc_csu_fini(void); int64_t __libc_csu_init(int64_t a1, int64_t a2, int64_t a3); int64_t _fini(void); int64_t _init(void); int64_t _start(int64_t a1, int64_t a2, int64_t a3, int64_t a4); int64_t deregister_tm_clones(void); int64_t frame_dummy(void); int32_t function_7b0(char * s1, char * s2, int32_t n); int32_t function_7c0(int64_t * ptr, int32_t size, int32_t n, struct _IO_FILE * stream); int32_t function_7d0(struct _IO_FILE * stream); void function_7e0(void); int32_t function_7f0(char * format, ...); char * function_800(char * s, int32_t n, struct _IO_FILE * stream); int32_t function_810(struct _IO_FILE * stream, char * buf, int32_t modes, int32_t n); struct _IO_FILE * function_820(char * filename, char * modes); void function_830(char * s); void function_840(int32_t status); void function_850(int64_t * d); int64_t readflag(void); int64_t register_tm_clones(void); // --------------------- Global Variables --------------------- int64_t g1 = 2400; // 0x200d70 int64_t g2 = 2336; // 0x200d78 struct _IO_FILE * g3 = NULL; // 0x201020 struct _IO_FILE * g4 = NULL; // 0x201030 char g5 = 0; // 0x201038 char * g6; // 0x201040 int32_t g7 = 0; // 0x400 int32_t g8; // ------------------------ Functions ------------------------- // Address range: 0x788 - 0x79f int64_t _init(void) { int64_t result = 0; // 0x796 if (*(int64_t *)0x200fe8 != 0) { // 0x798 __gmon_start__(); result = &g8; } // 0x79a return result; } // Address range: 0x7b0 - 0x7b6 int32_t function_7b0(char * s1, char * s2, int32_t n) { // 0x7b0 return strncmp(s1, s2, n); } // Address range: 0x7c0 - 0x7c6 int32_t function_7c0(int64_t * ptr, int32_t size, int32_t n, struct _IO_FILE * stream) { // 0x7c0 return fread(ptr, size, n, stream); } // Address range: 0x7d0 - 0x7d6 int32_t function_7d0(struct _IO_FILE * stream) { // 0x7d0 return fclose(stream); } // Address range: 0x7e0 - 0x7e6 void function_7e0(void) { // 0x7e0 __stack_chk_fail(); } // Address range: 0x7f0 - 0x7f6 int32_t function_7f0(char * format, ...) { // 0x7f0 return printf(format); } // Address range: 0x800 - 0x806 char * function_800(char * s, int32_t n, struct _IO_FILE * stream) { // 0x800 return fgets(s, n, stream); } // Address range: 0x810 - 0x816 int32_t function_810(struct _IO_FILE * stream, char * buf, int32_t modes, int32_t n) { // 0x810 return setvbuf(stream, buf, modes, n); } // Address range: 0x820 - 0x826 struct _IO_FILE * function_820(char * filename, char * modes) { // 0x820 return fopen(filename, modes); } // Address range: 0x830 - 0x836 void function_830(char * s) { // 0x830 perror(s); } // Address range: 0x840 - 0x846 void function_840(int32_t status) { // 0x840 exit(status); } // Address range: 0x850 - 0x856 void function_850(int64_t * d) { // 0x850 __cxa_finalize(d); } // Address range: 0x860 - 0x88b int64_t _start(int64_t a1, int64_t a2, int64_t a3, int64_t a4) { // 0x860 int64_t v1; // 0x860 __libc_start_main(2518, (int32_t)a4, (char **)&v1, (void (*)())2816, (void (*)())2928, (void (*)())a3); __asm_hlt(); // UNREACHABLE } // Address range: 0x890 - 0x8c2 int64_t deregister_tm_clones(void) { // 0x890 return (int64_t)&g3; } // Address range: 0x8d0 - 0x912 int64_t register_tm_clones(void) { // 0x8d0 return 0; } // Address range: 0x920 - 0x95a int64_t __do_global_dtors_aux(void) { // 0x920 if (g5 != 0) { // 0x958 int64_t result; // 0x920 return result; } // 0x929 if (*(int64_t *)0x200ff8 != 0) { // 0x937 __cxa_finalize((int64_t *)*(int64_t *)0x201008); } int64_t result2 = deregister_tm_clones(); // 0x943 g5 = 1; return result2; } // Address range: 0x960 - 0x96a int64_t frame_dummy(void) { // 0x960 return register_tm_clones(); } // Address range: 0x96a - 0x9d6 int64_t readflag(void) { struct _IO_FILE * file = fopen("flag", "rb"); // 0x980 if (file != NULL) { // 0x9a6 fread((int64_t *)&g6, (int32_t)&g7, 1, file); fclose(file); return 0; } // 0x990 perror("[-] flag file "); exit(0); // UNREACHABLE } // Address range: 0x9d6 - 0xaf7 int main(int argc, char ** argv) { int64_t v1 = __readfsqword(40); // 0x9e1 setvbuf(g3, NULL, 1, 0); setvbuf(g4, NULL, 1, 0); readflag(); printf("[+] password => %p\n", (int64_t *)"P4s$w0rD"); int64_t str; // bp-1048, 0x9d6 fgets((char *)&str, (int32_t)&g7, g4); printf((char *)&str); if (strncmp("P4s$w0rD", "weakpass", 8) != 0) { // 0xac4 printf("[!] password is %s\n", "P4s$w0rD"); } else { // 0xaaa printf("[+] %s", (char *)&g6); } int64_t result = 0; // 0xaee if (v1 != __readfsqword(40)) { // 0xaf0 __stack_chk_fail(); result = &g8; } // 0xaf5 return result; } // Address range: 0xb00 - 0xb65 int64_t __libc_csu_init(int64_t a1, int64_t a2, int64_t a3) { int64_t result = _init(); // 0xb2c if ((int64_t)&g2 - (int64_t)&g1 >> 3 == 0) { // 0xb56 return result; } int64_t v1 = 0; // 0xb34 while (v1 + 1 != (int64_t)&g2 - (int64_t)&g1 >> 3) { // 0xb40 v1++; } // 0xb56 return result; } // Address range: 0xb70 - 0xb72 int64_t __libc_csu_fini(void) { // 0xb70 int64_t result; // 0xb70 return result; } // Address range: 0xb74 - 0xb7d int64_t _fini(void) { // 0xb74 int64_t result; // 0xb74 return result; } // --------------- Dynamically Linked Functions --------------- // void __cxa_finalize(void * d); // void __gmon_start__(void); // int __libc_start_main(int *(main)(int, char **, char **), int argc, char ** ubp_av, void(* init)(void), void(* fini)(void), void(* rtld_fini)(void), void(* stack_end)); // void __stack_chk_fail(void); // void exit(int status); // int fclose(FILE * stream); // char * fgets(char * restrict s, int n, FILE * restrict stream); // FILE * fopen(const char * restrict filename, const char * restrict modes); // size_t fread(void * restrict ptr, size_t size, size_t n, FILE * restrict stream); // void perror(const char * s); // int printf(const char * restrict format, ...); // int setvbuf(FILE * restrict stream, char * restrict buf, int modes, size_t n); // int strncmp(const char * s1, const char * s2, size_t n); // --------------------- Meta-Information --------------------- // Detected compiler/packer: gcc (7.5.0) // Detected functions: 22

A recent practical example of the former: the fish shell re-wrote incrementally from C++ to Rust, and is almost finished https://github.com/fish-shell/fish-shell/discussions/10123

An example of the latter: c2rust, which is a work in progress but is very impressive https://github.com/immunant/c2rust

It currently translates into unsafe Rust, but the strategy is to separate the "compile C to unsafe Rust" steps and the "compile unsafe Rust to safe Rust" steps. As I see it, as it makes the overall task simpler, allows for more user freedom, and makes the latter potentially useful even for non-transpiled code. https://immunant.com/blog/2023/03/lifting/

But not all transpilers are between languages where at least one of them is designed to be transpiled. For example, c2rust can transpile, as the name suggests, C to (ugly, unsafe) Rust. A while ago there was a Java -> C compiler in GCC (GCJ), but it's pretty out of date now.

I do not know about your specific issue but you may be interested by https://github.com/immunant/c2rust

You should also consider using C2Rust (they're even working on C -> safe Rust translation)

> The date at the bottom of the article is 2022-06-13. Has there been further progress?

The article links to their github repo:

https://github.com/immunant/c2rust

There's commits in the last hour, so at least some signal of life.

This is arguably already the state of things.

Rust might get compiled down through MIR, down through LLVM IR, down to assembly or wasm... which then might be JIT or AOT (re)compiled into other bytecodes... which might perhaps be decompiled back up to C... and C might be retranslated back to horrific unsafe-spamming Rust by the likes of https://c2rust.com/. We've come full circle!

The main issue is that retranslating high level languages into other high level languages isn't something that there's actually a lot of demand for, especially commercially, especially given the N x M translation matrix going on. So a lot of the projects "stabilize" (get abandoned). And automatically translating between the idioms of those languages gets even nastier in terms of matrix bloat.

Well, you've got stuff like MSIL and JVM bytecodes which are higher level, and preserve more type information, and can be compiled to / decompiled from while still preserving more structure, but they still form competing incompatible ecosystems.

That's the wrong direction. What's needed are intelligent converters which convert less-strict languages to more-strict ones.

Non-intelligent converters just make a mess. Here's c2rust.[1]

Classic C++ to modern C++, plus a compiler flag to lock out all the old unsafe stuff, would be an achievement.

[1] https://c2rust.com/

Well, technically, it's not hard to build such data structures. If you are willing to liberally use raw pointers, UnsafeCell, MaybeUninit and ManuallyDrop, then you can more-or-less write C-equivalent code in unsafe Rust. (there are even transpilers from C to Rust)

/uj This transpiles from C to unsafe Rust using an existing tool, then strips the unsafe keyword from the generated function signatures