Arduino_Core_STM32 VS MCUDEV_DEVEBOX_H7XX_M

There's nothing stopping Arduino releasing an STM32-based dev board - but they simply haven't yet, and there's stacks of stm32 boards around that you can add an Arduino support core for if you like.

https://github.com/stm32duino/Arduino_Core_STM32 look this

It shows this https://github.com/stm32duino/Arduino_Core_STM32/archive/main.zip getting to 97% then skipping to the next unpacking, then it seems to fail thereafter.

You can program an STM32 MCU with Arduino, just add the community developed board definitions and HAL to the Arduino IDE.

If the mcu disables itself after it's one use you could program it via arduino to reset it or give it a new purpose. Reprogramming the chip will likely be the best use, those components are only a few cents it's more effort than it's worth to save them. Repurposing the board is what I'd try to do, weather that's via replacing the stm32 or reprogramming it is up to you.

I am using the stm32duino core for the Arduino Ide (https://github.com/stm32duino/Arduino_Core_STM32). My settings are the following:

(official Arduino HAL) STM32

that would probably be the one with the fastest MCU, which - depending on details, but generally spoken, is probably one out of the STM32H7xx series. There's MicroPython stuff for this: https://github.com/mcauser/MCUDEV_DEVEBOX_H7XX_M (random Google hit, but the page also mentions cheap boards you can source with that MCU). Note that the H7 is a ... bit of a step from the Cortex M4 MCU and certainly from the M3 and M0. Not sure if you ever plan to go further to the metal than just flashing Micropython and working with that... It's got a multitude of peripherals, too - don't expect Micropython abstractions for all of them. But then it's a M7 running at 480MHz (some STM32H7xx even 550 MHz) max, which probably matches the only requirement you mention.