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Julia comes to mind. Probably not as fast as C++, but feels like python (without the huge userbase and tons of libraries).
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InfluxDB
InfluxDB – Built for High-Performance Time Series Workloads. InfluxDB 3 OSS is now GA. Transform, enrich, and act on time series data directly in the database. Automate critical tasks and eliminate the need to move data externally. Download now.
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Nim
Nim is a statically typed compiled systems programming language. It combines successful concepts from mature languages like Python, Ada and Modula. Its design focuses on efficiency, expressiveness, and elegance (in that order of priority).
Nim. https://nim-lang.org/
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Sure - write functions in another language, export C bindings, and then call those functions from Python. An example is NumPy - a lot of its linear algebra functions are implemented in C and Fortran.