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The Linux kernel (and many other unix based kernels) have code in them which checks for a magic number at the start of a file and uses that magic number to launch a shell if it is found. The ascii representation of that magic number is #!. (You can look in fs/binfmt_script.c in the current kernel source if you want to see it in action).
The bash shell also has code in it to check for this same magic number. This is because bash is also available on systems where the kernel doesn't do #! processing, but people would still want their scripts to behave in a predictable manner. You can see this in execute_cmd.c from the current bash source code.