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Hosting Kubernetes cluster "the hard way" means that the cluster has been bootstrapped by following steps from the famous Kubernetes The Hard Way guide authored by Kelsey Hightower. Kubernetes The Hard Way describes how to manually configure and install each Kubernetes component (like Kubernetes scheduler, Kubernetes API server, Containerd, CoreDNS, CNI and Etcd).
Kubeadm is a cluster provisioning tool implementing the best-practices for creating Kubernetes clusters (following Kubernetes The Hard Way steps). Kubeadm performs the actions necessary to get a minimum viable and secure cluster. It follows Kubernetes operator architectural approach for cluster creation and management. What is also important, Kubeadm is an official Kubernetes SIG Lifecycle project - this is important because official Kubernetes SIG projects usually tent to have better community support and be more mature than their non-official counterparts.
Kubespray is a set of Ansible resources (playbooks, inventories, etc) focused on Kubernetes provisioning, configuration and management. Kubespray can deploy to almost any kind of target environment you might want (including AWS, GCE, Azure, OpenStack, vSphere, Packet, Oracle Cloud Infrastructure) or even to bare metal (with an array of supported Linux distributions).
Kops is described as "kubectl for clusters" . Kops is a toolkit which brings you very opinionated way of managing clusters on supported cloud providers (including AWS and GCP). Kops is not based on Ansible like Kubespray, instead it relies on AWS API calls directly. Kops provisions not only the cluster itself, but also an EC2-based infrastructure for your cluster. Kops leverages cloud specific features of each cloud provider to brings you the best experience - for example in AWS it will create auto scaling and self healing EC2 autoscaling group to host your cluster nodes. Kubespray is also an official Kubernetes SIG Lifecycle project.
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