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photos_time_warp
Discontinued Batch adjust the date, time, or timezone of photos in Apple Photos from the Mac command line.
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InfluxDB
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I think the most likely thing that has happened in your case is that the data in the Photos.sqlite database file has been corrupted somehow--likely some kind of bug in Photos.app. So when Photos reports the date on a photo, it's retrieving that date from the database, not from the actual image file on disk. Thus, it's possible the date/time of the photos themselves is still preserved in the EXIF data of the original images. The Photos Time Warp tool has an option to read the date/time from the EXIF data and reset it in the Photos database to match. This tool requires a level of comfort with the command line so I wouldn't use it if you're not comfortable running commands in the Terminal but it is one option (the only one I know of) that might be able to restore the correct date/time for your affected photos by reading the data from the EXIF data of the original images.
If you do want to try this, you'll need to also install the third party exiftool app which Photos Time Warp uses to read the EXIF data.