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PHP-FIG — short for "PHP Framework Interop Group" — is a group of influential projects in the PHP community working to push PHP forward by standardizing a bunch of things every project was doing in its own, ever-so-slightly incompatible way.
doctrine/* - packages from the Doctrine Project, largely but not exclusively related to working with databases doctrine/collections - utilities for working with arrays of data doctrine/dbal - a data*base **abstraction **l*ayer with support for MySQL, Oracle, Microsoft SQL Server, PostgreSQL, and SQLite databases doctrine/orm - the Doctrine ORM, a popular PHP ORM based on the Data Mapper pattern doctrine/migrations - utilities for database schema versioning (i.e. database migrations)
league/* - The League of Extraordinary Packages, a set of modern, standards-compliant PHP packages developed with the explicit mission of improving the PHP ecosystem league/commonmark - a CommonMark-compliant Markdown parser league/csv - read and write CSV documents league/flysystem - a filesystem abstraction with support for local filesystems, object storage, FTP, and more league/oauth2-server - an OAuth 2.0 authorization server implementation league/oauth2-client - an OAuth 2.0 client library with built-in and community support for many common OAuth 2.0 providers, as well as custom providers league/omnipay - a multi-gateway payment processing library
The current PHP landscape is dominated by two web application frameworks: Laravel and Symfony. While a detailed breakdown of the differences and similarities between these is out of scope for this post, suffice to say that they're both modern, expressive frameworks that aim to make it easier to write robust, fast, and maintainable web applications while reducing the need to write boilerplate code as much as possible.
Packagist is the main public package repository for Composer. Like npm, you can also use Packagist to host your private packages for a reasonable monthly fee.
If you're concerned about frameworks perhaps being "overkill" for what you want to do with PHP, you'll be happy to hear that Symfony is a microframework out of the box (all components outside of the core framework are 100% optional), and Laravel also has a microframework variant called Lumen.
The current PHP landscape is dominated by two web application frameworks: Laravel and Symfony. While a detailed breakdown of the differences and similarities between these is out of scope for this post, suffice to say that they're both modern, expressive frameworks that aim to make it easier to write robust, fast, and maintainable web applications while reducing the need to write boilerplate code as much as possible.
Composer is the de facto standard package manager for modern-day PHP, and has been for about a decade now. It's strongly inspired by other popular package managers, such as npm for JavaScript, so if you've used a modern package manager in any other language, chances are you'll feel right at home with Composer.