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InfluxDB
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The "old" way: You'll likely use components provided by the MDC-Android library, with some tutorials here. You arrange components using things like FrameLayout, LinearLayout, ConstraintLayout, and ScrollView. Use TextView for text, ImageView for images, CardView for cards, and so on. You do set values for padding/margin/text size/color/etc, or they can be provide by themes/styles (similar to CSS, kinda). Android has its own units for dimensions. You will often jump between code and XML.
The "new" way: Compose does everything in code via composable functions. You mentioned your background is in web development; Compose is very much like React for Android UI. It only recently reached version 1.0 so resources can be sparse, but it is very much the "future" of UI on Android.
Yeah, there's a million resources (of varying age and quality) about the old system. Anything from Styling Android should be good, as well as any resources from Nick Butcher or Chris Banes (others too, but those are the ones that immediately come to mind). And the Paris library from Airbnb can make it easier to stye things via code.