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SurveyJS
Open-Source JSON Form Builder to Create Dynamic Forms Right in Your App. With SurveyJS form UI libraries, you can build and style forms in a fully-integrated drag & drop form builder, render them in your JS app, and store form submission data in any backend, inc. PHP, ASP.NET Core, and Node.js.
Pretty much your only way to add interactivity on a website in the early days was through a page refresh. This would usually be in the form of an HTML Form tag that would POST some data to the server, and the response would send you to another page. This is an extreme of what your describing of having all the logic on the server, and basically no "brain" on the html itself. Things like PHP or a templating engine like https://mustache.github.io/ are closer to this model. (My expertise on these kind of frameworks is pretty limited, so sorry If I made a mistake here!)
You might be interested in Next.js which is a React framework that lets you write a React application where each of your pages can be generated via either SSG, SSR, or React’s regular old CSR (Client side rendering), depending on the needs of each page.