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Lets decompose this code from the article a little. The definition of circularBuffer indicates that given a buffer size the function will return G[Queue[F, A]]. https://github.com/typelevel/fs2/blob/19bb74cac3c9b51bc5419b70fed224d24e0e1c2e/core/shared/src/main/scala/fs2/concurrent/Queue.scala#L173-L174 G is some higher kinded type with an implementation of the Sync typeclass (https://github.com/typelevel/fs2/blob/19bb74cac3c9b51bc5419b70fed224d24e0e1c2e/core/shared/src/main/scala/fs2/concurrent/Queue.scala#L152) (a typeclass for suspending synchronous actions). Why is G needed? Well Queue's are asynchronous data structures so some concurrency primitives must be allocated like Ref and Deferred. (https://typelevel.org/cats-effect/docs/std/ref).