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These days there is also a 16-bit GCC port to DOS (https://github.com/tkchia/gcc-ia16). I never encountered one of those back in the day? I think the compiler itself does not run in 16-bit DOS though.
Anyone interested in compiling for DOS (32-bit or 16-bit) should also check out Free Pascal.
https://github.com/open-watcom/open-watcom-v2
In terms of ISO-complianceness, perhaps don't expect much. It basically C89 (the C99 support is still incomplete), and for C++... most likely not even C++98 - compliant.
I did not know of a Java port, but this reminds me there is some kind of JavaScript-based environment for DOS that I see linked now and then (think it is bundled with FreeDOS?). Probably this one:
https://github.com/SuperIlu/DOjS
"DOjS is a JavaScript programming environment for systems running MS-DOS, FreeDOS or any DOS based Windows (like 95, 98, ME). It features an integrated editor, graphics & sound output, mouse/keyboard/joystick input and more"
Never tried it.
You do not need segment registers much if you stick to the tiny model. Here is someone compiling Rust to a 16-bit DOS COM executable:
https://github.com/o8vm/rust_dos
Not sure what the approach would be for them to expand that to support segments.
In DJGPP there are macros to allow your protected mode application access physical real-mode addresses (like when you want to write to video RAM). I don't know if IA-16 also does something like that, or if they added far/near keywords to the language like old 16-bit C compilers did (at least the ones I used).
Free Pascal has helper-functions to work with segment+offset pointer pairs, also without having to modify the language itself. I think that would work well enough in C, but I guess the old method of adding non-standard keywords was seen as slightly more convenient.