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Here's my understanding so far:
In the upstream Linux kernel there were two fixes posted months from each other, one for direct io [0] and the other one for ext4 [1]. The ext4 one was marked for backport to stable (CC: [email protected]), the other was not. The problem is that these commits depend on each other for things to work properly. If you have both, you're fine. If you have only the backported one, you have a problem.
What versions are affected? We know for sure that 6.1.64 is affected, 6.1.55 is not (because it doesn't have the commit). As of right now, 6.1.64 is still marked as "stable" in Debian [2] but if you actually try to install it from the official mirrors (deb.debian.org), you will get error 403. The fix is included in version 6.1.66 which will soon be available.
The issue seems to be only highlighted in the context of Debian but it is not specific to it. The issue is/was in the official upstream release.
[0] https://github.com/torvalds/linux/commit/936e114a245b6e38e0d...
Three months using kernel 6.6.5 from Zabbly (for hardware support) and having no issues:
https://github.com/zabbly/linux
Quote "As those kernels aren't signed by a trusted distribution key, you may need to turn off Secure Boot on your system in order to boot this kernel."