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Sounds like a job for state machines like you can build out with a library like xstate[0] (though I'm sure there are similar libraries in whatever language you choose. Python has one called automat[1])
These exist to formalize state logic, you can even produce diagrams based on their definitions
[0]: https://stately.ai/docs/xstate
[1]: https://github.com/glyph/Automat
Microsoft has a library/tool called Coyote* that helps with testing distributed systems; you can write tests/specifications, Coyote will systematically explore nondeterminism in your system and check if your tests still pass. If there's a failure, it'll show the sequence of events that led to the failing test.
I started a project to implement Raft with a KV-store on top, similar to the article, meaning to use Coyote to test it; I didn't get that far before losing interest, though. It's reassuring to read that it took Phil several months to write the code in the post, it's good to know that this is a decidedly nontrivial problem.
* https://github.com/microsoft/coyote
I have found the performance tests very tricky to get to pass without having any input from others. The assignment is really very unforgiving, I would wager the test suite is comparable to how commercial Raft implementations are tested (e.g. https://github.com/hashicorp/raft)