xvm VS tailspin-v0

Have a look at the ecstasy library for the language definitions of these types.

2) Funky interfaces: This is an Ecstasy interface that declares abstract static members (e.g. functions), which can then be implemented on any class and overridden on any sub-class, such that they can be invoked by type (instead of this), and virtually resolved (late bound at runtime) based on the type known at compile time. The best known example, of course, is Hashable, because it has to guarantee that a type implements both equals() and hashCode() on the same class, and the implementation is tied to the type, and not to the this. (C# added a similar feature last year in version 11.)

I'm just going to warn you in advance that invocation is one of the hardest things in the compiler to make easy. In other words, the nicer your language's "developer experience" is around invocation, the more hell you're going to have to go through to get there. The AST nodes for Name( (NameExpression) and Invoke( (InvocationExpression) alone are 7kloc in the Ecstasy implementation, for example -- but the result is well worth it.

Ecstasy uses message passing automatically behind the scenes for asynchronous calls, but the message passing isn't visible at the language level (i.e. there is no "message object" or something like that visible). Basically, all Ecstasy code is executing on a fiber inside a service, and services are all running concurrently, so from any service realm to any service realm, the communication is by message.

Regarding Ecstasy, we did not set out to build a new language; we actually set out to solve a real world problem. Specifically, we wanted to be able to dramatically improve the density of workloads in data centers, by at least two orders of magnitude in the case of lightly used applications. Our initial goal was to create a runtime design that would support 10,000 stateful application instances on a single server. Let's call it the "a10k" problem 🤣 ... a tribute to the c10k problem from 1999. We refer to our goal as "zero carbon compute", i.e. we want to push the power and hardware cost for an application to as close to zero as possible; you can't reach zero, but you can get close. If we succeed, we will help reduce the electricity used in data centers over the next few decades by a significant percentage.

Generally, left to right, one character at a time. If you’re looking for example code, here’s a simple hand-built lexer.

Parts of Ecstasy are now implemented in Ecstasy. Here's the Lexer, for example.

Ecstasy

Ecstasy and the xvm were designed assuming an adaptive runtime compiler (similar in concept to the Hotspot compiler for Java), but not necessarily using a JIT.

A Future reference has the various capabilities that you'd imagine, taking lambdas for thenDo(), whenComplete(), etc. The reference, in the above example, is a local variable, so you just obtain it using the C-style & operator:

I eventually tend to do all days in Tailspin. The ones I have done so far are in directories ending in "tt" (the others are in Pyret, just to get a feel for it) https://github.com/tobega/aoc2023/tree/main

As a general tip, it is often helpful to first try to think of how you would like to represent the data in your program. Then you need to parse the data into that structure. I'd recommend you to look at a PEG-parser, for example. Or if you like, look at my Tailspin programming language which has a very visual parser syntax and also very visual ways of creating data structures (if that should happen to be your mental affinity). Look at my day1 for example. Or if you're more mathematical, maybe a functional language (I also did day1 in Pyret)

My Tailspin language is based on processing streams of values, you might want to look at it https://github.com/tobega/tailspin-v0

Many people had trouble with the day 7 problem. Paradoxically, good developers probably had more trouble. Here some of the difficulties are explained and implementations are provided in imperative, functional and OO styles, written in the Tailspin programming language.

I test almost entirely from my language, that way the tests are independent of the implementation. Currently the tests are implemented in java because that fits the interpreter implementation https://github.com/tobega/tailspin-v0/tree/master/test/tailspin/samples

Finished off the implementation of typed and offset array indices in Tailspin

I ended up enabling left recursion in Tailspin's composer (parser) syntax. Much cleaner calculator example now.

I think it's possible that Tailspin might be suitable for you.

I think gradual typing is definitely something worth exploring more. I thought it was a shame when Dart abandoned that path. Have you seen Shen ? I guess my small offering, Tailspin, is currently evolving to gradual typing as well.