vsmartcard VS tpm-fido

It's been a few years, but the main references I remember using:

1. Windows: https://github.com/frankmorgner/vsmartcard/tree/master/virtu..., which is a fix-up of the older https://www.codeproject.com/Articles/134010/An-UMDF-Driver-f..., and https://github.com/Watfaq/SoftU2F-Win/tree/master/SoftU2FDri.... Note that neither of these actually implement CTAP2.

2. Linux: There's plenty to refer to on HID gadgets, but https://blog.hansenpartnership.com/webauthn-in-linux-with-a-... and the code at https://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/jejb/fido2-c... were my entrypoint.

3. Mac: I ended up not implementing a Mac version, but GitHub themselves used to support a CTAP1/U2F software authenticator, now archived at https://github.com/github/SoftU2F. I was going to work from that.

For the service I looked at different software "devices" interfacing with these kinds of drivers (or just the browser directly in Firefox's case).

1. Generic NIST SP 800-73 PIV: https://github.com/CCob/PIVert. Very limited scope, pentest tool with no extraneous features. It uses the BixVReader driver.

Smart Card Reader (version 2.3): Use your phone as contact-less smart card reader

I also found this: https://github.com/psanford/tpm-fido

FIDO2 should be used more, hopefully more sites end up supporting it sooner rather than later.

If you have a Linux PC with a TPM, you can use https://github.com/psanford/tpm-fido to create and "plug in" a virtual USB WebAuthn key whose secret is irretrievably stored in the machine's TPM. This effectively asserts that your specific machine is being used to enter a given site. However, it's important to remember it doesn't necessarily verify that *you're* present, or even if *anyone* is present at all, since the presence check is done via a software dialog and can be pwned along with the rest of the system.

There are a huge number of other vendors supporting Webauthn apart from Yubikey. (From the top of my head Nitrokey, Solo, Tomu, Mooltipass, Ledger, Trezor, Google Titan, OnlyKey, Token2).

You could also use the system TPM (https://github.com/psanford/tpm-fido).

A brief search didn't yield any FIDO2 software-only solutions for Linux, but I see no reason why in principle you couldn't implement it (perhaps interfacing https://github.com/google/OpenSK through hidg - similar projects do exist for U2F).

I made a FIDO token (a platform authenticator) implementation that uses the TPM to protect your private keys on Linux: https://github.com/psanford/tpm-fido