fingerprintjs-android VS blog-android-wallpaper-id-demo

This table provides information on which identifiers remain consistent across profiles and device actions (like factory reset) and is very useful for trying to understand the mitigations needed to prevent device identification

For some examples of more stable and reliable methods, please view our  fingerprint-android library source code. Google has not restricted these for a number of years now, and it is unlikely that it ever will. At the end of the day, doing so would impact Android’s efficacy as an advertising platform — and for the world’s largest tech firm, it’s a constant juggle between balancing these interests with protecting user privacy.

Since accessing the hardware identifier is restricted on morden version of Android, applications are trying to track users by fingerprinting like this.

This is the only post I could find on this sub. Their app only has a sample size of ~3000 tests. A black wallpaper was identified ~300 times. Unless everyone checked 10 wallpapers, I need to assume that most checked their fingerprint and left it at that. Apps don't need a special permission to identify the fingerprint, just like all apps can see all installed apps.

https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=com.fingerprintjs.android.wallpaperid&hl=en_US&gl=US (libre and open source, code on GitHub)

For demonstration purposes, we’ve created an open source application that calculates the ID and checks its uniqueness. You can download the app on Google Play (for Android 5.0 and above, no permissions are required); the source code is available on GitHub.