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A few side-notes about this code: - you need some sort of "wrapper" or "container" in order to use functional methods like map/flatMap/filter/etc on some object - here I used Optionalfor testing because it's available in standard Java: Optional describes an object that may or may not be available. - A more suitable "wrapper" for this use-case could have been Try which describes the result of an execution that may succeed or fail, see vavr has a Try for example, functionaljava has Either - map transforms A -> B (would make sense for your mapToUser) whereas flatMap transforms A -> Optional (or whichever "wrapper", would make sense for your userService.save if suppose the saving operation can fail) - Here is a working example for you :) - practise exercises: 1- replace the "wrapper" Optional with List, there is almost no change of code, this now gives you the ability to process lists of users 2- import vavr and replace the "wrapper" Optional with Try, there is almost no change of code, this now gives you the ability to process operations that may fail - Enjoy functional programming, you'll find java is rather verbose and quickly gets clunky for FP, consider switching to another language