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There's been an standardisation effort conducted by PHP-FIG that resulted in a couple of draft proposals (PSR-5 PHPDoc Standard and PSR-19 PHPDoc tags). There hasn't been a lot of movement on that as far as I can tell.
I think the original tool that implemented those annotations was phpDocumentor (if it wasn't the first, it was certainly among the pioneers), inspired by Javadoc. The original purpose was to generate documentation but, as it got popular, IDEs followed suit and started using annotations to provide code intelligence features. As of today, it's also used by code quality tools to identify potential bugs.