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The class implements the interface - com.intellij.CodeInsight.daemon.impl.HighlightVisitor. The implementation can be viewed here. The coloring takes place in the com.github.izhangzhihao.rainbow.brackets method.visitor.RainbowHighlightVisitor#setHighlightInfo
Java (in the code of IDEA)
go-plugin (now this plugin is known as Goland)
Haskell
Erlang
Monkey plugin (in this article)
It is required to declare a new language (examples in go-plugin, frege, monkey)
In IDEA, code generation by the GrammarKit plugin is mainly used to create a parser. Unfortunately, there is not much documentation about it and it is only presented in Tutorial and HOWTO.
Perhaps, the easiest way to create a lexer for IDEA is to use JFlex. The GrammarKit plugin already contains implementation and allows you to generate a lexer from .bnf file or from .flex file (with more customization options). An example for the Monkey language can be viewed here, a more complex one for Frege - here.