ATS-Postiats VS swift

This is one of my two favorite books in The Little ...er series. The other is The Rational Schemer. These are two of the most advanced books in the series.

The Little Typer provides an introduction to dependent types. These can by used to guarantee things like "applying 'concat' to a list of length X and list of length Y returns a list of X+Y". It is also possible, to some extent, to use dependent types to replace proof tools like Coq. Two interesting languages using dependent types are:

- Idris. This is basically "strict Haskell plus dependent types": https://www.idris-lang.org/)

- ATS. This is a complex systems-level language with dependent types: http://www.ats-lang.org/

The Rational Schemer shows how to build a Prolog-like logic language as a Scheme library. This is a very good introduction to logic programming and the implementation of backtracking and unification is fascinating.

This is an excellent series overall, but these two books are especially good for people who are interested in unusual programming language designs. I don't expect dependent types or logic programming to become widely-used in the next couple generations of mainstream languages, but they're still fascinating.

Not being ATS

> any safety checks put into the competing language will have a runtime cost, which often is unacceptable

This is completely wrong. The best counterexample is probably ATS http://www.ats-lang.org which is compatible with C, yet also features dependent types (allowing us to prove arbitrary statements about our programs, and check them at compile time) and linear type (allowing us to precisely track resource usage; similar to Rust)

A good example is http://ats-lang.sourceforge.net/DOCUMENT/ATS2CAIRO/HTML/c36.... which uses the Cairo graphics library, and ends with the following:

> It may seem that using cairo functions in ATS is nearly identical to using them in C (modulo syntatical difference). However, what happens at the level of typechecking in ATS is far more sophisticated than in C. In particular, linear types are assigned to cairo objects (such as contexts, surfaces, patterns, font faces, etc.) in ATS to allow them to be tracked statically, that is, at compile-time, preventing potential mismanagement of such objects. For instance, if the following line:

      val () = cairo_surface_destroy (sf) // a type error if omitted

For a low level language in which you actually need to prove that your code doesn't cause UB, see http://www.ats-lang.org/

Here's the homepage fo the language: http://www.ats-lang.org/. The trick to finding results about with google is to search "ATS programming language".

In SPARK's case, you have to state your invariants in even greater precision than in Rust, and naturally it has worse inference. That's okay, the same happens in a certain language with Atrocious Type Syntax.

Yes, things like mentioned in the post can be expressed and checked statically, as demonstrated by languages like Idris and ATS. ATS might be even more relevant as it's an imperative language too, it can get rather low-level (like talking about properties of C runtime functions) while proving required properties statically, and it includes a solver for certain amount of arithmetics so that you don't need to prove obvious mathematical identities to the compiler. http://www.ats-lang.org/

https://github.com/apple/swift/pull/73429

This algorithm produces biased result with probability 1/2^(32-bitwidth(N)). Using 64 or 128 random bits can make the bias practically undetectable. Comprehensive overview of the approach can be found here: https://github.com/apple/swift/pull/39143

Because of C/C++ interop, and integration with CMake, you can just add Swift to a Zephyr project and it pretty much Just Works. [The docs](https://github.com/apple/swift/blob/main/docs/EmbeddedSwift/...) should mostly apply to the Zephyr SDK as well.

Fortunately, the Observation framework is part of the Swift 5.9 standard library. We can learn more information by examining its source code.

They do! See https://github.com/apple/swift/blob/main/docs/LibraryEvoluti...

You can also see an example of what a different high level language integration with Swift ABI looks like here: https://github.com/dotnet/designs/blob/main/proposed/swift-i...

So is differentiable Swift a package for Swift or is it part of the Swift standard library? The video says go to swift.org but I can't find any info about differentiable Swift on that site.

Swift's Differentiable Programming Manifesto. Swift has a powerful differentiable programming component, integrated with the compiler.

You can do the same thing the other way around - https://github.com/apple/swift/blob/main/docs/Android.md.

Codable (along with other derived conformances like Equatable, Hashable, and RawRepresentable) is indeed built in to the compiler[0], but unlike Serde, it operates during type-checking on a fully-constructed AST (with access to type information), manipulating the AST to insert code. Because it operates at a later stage of compilation and at a much higher level (with access to type information), the work necessary is significantly less.

With ongoing work for Swift macros, it may eventually be possible to rip this code out of the compiler and rewrite it as a macro, though it would need to be a semantic macro[1] rather a syntactic one, which isn't currently possible in Swift[2].

[0] https://github.com/apple/swift/blob/main/lib/Sema/DerivedCon...