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Finally, there are packages like Axios. Not only does Axios provide interfaces and use Promises, but it also allows the developer to make both client-side HTTP requests in the browser using XHR and server-side HTTP requests in Node.js. It also provides more options and formats your messages for you.
There are several libraries you can use to send HTTP messages. For example, curl can be used from the command line. They all use HTTP, so the information they need is the same. What differs is where you can use them, the syntax to create HTTP messages, the options they provide, and the protocol they use (e.g. HTTP vs HTTPS, HTTP/1.1 vs HTTP/2). More robust libraries will do extra things.
I often use "app" to refer to my client, because not every web application needs a server. It is possible to have a web app with only a client, like a calculator that can perform all of its math without getting any more information from another resource. It is possible to only build a client and use server-side resources built by other people. You may have seen the term "serverless," which refers to ways to create server-like services and resources without building a server yourself. In reality, serverless apps involve building a client and then using tools like AWS or Netlify to write server-side code inside the client. When needed, your client will then use the tool to execute the server-side code on a server built and hosted by other people. For the purpose of learning HTTP in this guide, we will be focusing on the classic client-server model I described above.