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> Apple absolutely dominates browser engines
Actually, it doesn't. Look at the "usage relative" chart:
https://caniuse.com/?search=localStorage
Safari is the distant second option.
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100%. To add a little more detail, the scope is both broad and deep.
Broad - You have many, many new features like WebAssembly or WebXR Device API. All of these are bets and it is hard to know which will gain adoption, so you build things like WebSQL, only to have them abandon for a new winner (IndexedDB).
Deep - Rendering HTML5 content with CSS3 styles is such a massive effort. Check out the Servo project, Mozilla's attempt to rewrite the rendering engine in Rust. You have world experts that have already written a rendering engine and after years of progress (2012 - 2018) there was still more to do[1]. TODOs include implement Flexbox, which is core primitive in today's web design toolkit. I'm not sure how feature complete Servo is today, but it is shocking how much effort is required to build a production rendering engine.
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> What exactly is keeping developers from making a fully featured open source web browser not at the mercy of Google or the browser's developers?
It is incredibly difficult to build a web browser because of the sheer complexity and scope. You are essentially building an entire platform on the scale of an operating system that must support legacy features and behavior from decades ago. Users expect everything to just work, and if you can't make it work, then they have little incentive to use your product. Just ask Microsoft[0].
[0] https://github.com/MicrosoftEdge/MSEdge/blob/7d69268e85e198c...