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Successor-ML
A version of the 1997 SML definition with corrections and some proposed Successor ML features added.
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I believe this is what Crystal [0] is trying to achieve. Though I’ve hardly used Ruby or Crystal, so can’t say how well it’s fairing on that goal.
[0] https://github.com/crystal-lang/crystal
SuccessorML[1], 1ML[2], etc. are pretty close to this in spirit. I've been trying to keep up with the publications around the future of ML, but academic research moves kinda slowly. I'm hopeful we'll see a new definition of Standard ML this decade. I'd tend to agree SML is a great choice -- SML-1997 is still ahead of many languages that came well after it in both features and usability.
[1] https://github.com/SMLFamily/Successor-ML
[2] https://people.mpi-sws.org/~rossberg/1ml/
This really isn't what you asked for, but I discovered a "programming language" recently, named Enso, that seems like something you'd like. (https://enso.org/)
Racket (https://racket-lang.org) has quite a lot of mathematics support (rationals as ratios, imaginary numbers, exponentiation, implicit integer->float coercion), and comes with a dedicated IDE, although it's a lisp, and I don't know if you'd like that (I certainly do).
You might want to have a look at the Raku Programming Language (https://raku.org). It doesn't parallelize automatically, but only if you hint at it being ok, or if you are explicit (in this case using the `.hyper` method):
The millionth prime number using 1 CPU:
$ raku -e 'say (1..Inf).grep(*.is-prime).skip(999999).head'