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Rust did have green threading (user threads and goroutines) runtime back before the v1.0 stabilization but they removed it to make the language applicable to a broader range of problems.
Rust’s async design allows for async to be used on a variety of hardware types, like embedded. Green threads/fibers are much more useful for managed languages like Go and Java that don’t typically have to run without an operating system or without a memory allocator. Of course C++ can do this also, with their new coroutines/generators feature but I don’t think it’s very controversial to say that it is much harder to use than Rust’s async.
Go's solution is for the scheduler to notice after a while when a goroutine has blocked execution and to shift goroutines waiting their turn to another thread. async-std pondered a similar approach with tasks, but it proved controversial and was never merged.