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Though it is internally-built, Hack is already open source at https://github.com/facebook/hhvm/.
FB uses a pretty wide array of languages internally -- I don't know if they release statistics publicly, but you can filter/search their open-source projects by language at https://opensource.fb.com/projects/#filter.
For anyone interested, it looks like there's an open-source version (close, at least) to Ent at https://github.com/ent/ent.
Hack is open source.
My understanding from a talk back in 2014, is hack was developed because of frustrations with PHP evolution. Honestly I think it may have lit a fire under the PHP developers because php7 had significant speed improvements.
Talk:
"Facebook recently introduced and open-sourced Hack (https://code.facebook.com/posts/264544830379293/hack-a-new-p...), a gradually-typed programming language for HHVM that interoperates seamlessly with PHP. Hack builds the bridge between the dynamically and statically-typed worlds – providing code correctness while maintaining a fast feedback loop. Facebook is committed to working with the community to improve and refine the Hack language, to help interested developers convert to Hack (https://code.facebook.com/posts/264544830379293/hack-a-new-p...), and to narrow the HHVM compatibility gap with PHP5 and popular frameworks."
https://www.meetup.com/bostonphp/events/184609542/
Slidedeck on Hack (https://github.com/gabelevi/Boston-PHP-Meetup-Examples/blob/...)
There is: it's called XHP (https://docs.hhvm.com/hack/XHP/introduction).
That said, I'm not sure how you'd go about server-side rendering React from Hacklang, as it seems that the open-source solution to do so is no longer supported (https://github.com/hhvm/xhp-js).
There's also https://github.com/hhvm/hack-codegen/tree/master/examples/do..., along with the article at https://engineering.fb.com/2015/08/20/open-source/writing-co...
This is modern Hack code, but not representative of the state of the Ent framework nowadays - ent/ent is closer design-wise, but not usable from Hack.
> Are there any large Hack codebases I can explore?
depends what you mean by 'large' - perhaps https://github.com/hhvm/user-documentation ?
> Does anyone know if FB tracks changes to PHP so Hack is "up to date"?
No, for the most part, Hack no longer considers PHP 'upstream'. Exceptions are things like security fixes to extension functions, if that particular extension function was derived from PHP.