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Django is a great option to get started with backend development. The problem with Django and python in general is that it is slow, but nowadays it is quite optimizied and lots of companies are using Django on their backend. Other than ease of development, it also makes hiring easier, since a lot of people are familiar with it.
Vue.js is also a popular light weight alternative to react. Many interactive websites nowadays use Vue.
For building the UI be sure to take advantage of available UI tools instead of building everything from scratch (although it can be a good learning exercise in CSS). Some of my favourite tools are Material UI for quick development, tailwind and styled-components for more custom things. Take advantage of UI themes available for free out there.
If you are looking to build a simple SPA with very few features, then definitely check out Svelte.js. It is light weight, easy to use and is a great fit for simple use cases like calculator pages, information display from APIs, landing pages, or even simple blogs.
For building the UI be sure to take advantage of available UI tools instead of building everything from scratch (although it can be a good learning exercise in CSS). Some of my favourite tools are Material UI for quick development, tailwind and styled-components for more custom things. Take advantage of UI themes available for free out there.
If your primary use case is fast CRUD operations, with an MVC architecture - then I would recommend Spring in Java or Phoenix in Elixir. .NET might also be a good option here, although personally I am not a fan of it. I have been using Phoenix at work, and it is just amazing. Fast, simple, good project structure, the community is good but not as vast as other tools.
React is my go-to tool for all kinds of frontend projects. Simply because I am comfortable with it, and the community is great. There is almost nothing you cannot do with it. If you are unsure, just go with React.
If you are looking to build a blog, landing pages or a static website, be sure to check out Next.js. It can do both server side rendering (SSR) and static site generation (SSG). Do not pick Gatsby, Next.js is much much better (from personal experience).
For building the UI be sure to take advantage of available UI tools instead of building everything from scratch (although it can be a good learning exercise in CSS). Some of my favourite tools are Material UI for quick development, tailwind and styled-components for more custom things. Take advantage of UI themes available for free out there.
If you are looking to build real time systems, like games or chat - then I would recommend checking out Phoenix. It has a built in feature called channels, that makes working with web sockets very easy. Other popular options would be Node.js or Golang. Golang is great for stand alone services that do one thing very fast.
If you want to build an MVP then just pick a python based tool like Flask or FastAPI, or pick Node.js. I think python and javascript are the most popular languages now, and the community support is amazing. There is almost nothing that you cannot do in both.
If you are a fan of functional programming, then be sure to check out Elm that let’s you build frontend using functional programming concepts.
You could also have micro services where each service does a separate task, or even go with a serverless architecture with tools like lambda. This would make your backend system programming language agnostic, but might be hard to customize or optimize certain things.
I am not too familiar with Angular, but from what I know, it is usually used in enterprise projects. If you like typescript, and object oriented programming and have a lot of people going to work on the project, then angular might be the best choice.