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Next I advise Scratch. 8 years old seems to be the minimum age in the classes I've taught (the 7 year olds didn't seem to really stay on task). 9 is a bit of a safer age, but if kids want to tackle programming, let them. Scratch is meant for 8 to 16 year olds, but around 13 or 14 is when they start feeling Scratch isn't a "real" programming language, at which point you can put them on Python.
3) I like to write down notes on paper. I usually fold a paper in half so I have two long columns. Writing forces me to slow down and actually think about what I'm studying. I don't really tend to look at the papers later. Flash cards help (there's a nice open source program called Mnemosyne to help with that.
You can also look at the code in this GitHub repo.