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But if you boil down a control plane to its most essential components, it is basically a database (etcd), a webservice (apiserver) and two controllers (controler-manager, scheduler), none of which requires a Kubernetes cluster for their own needs. Self-hosting the control-plane the kubeadm way is absolutely not a requirement, you can also download the bare binaries and run them as basic systemd units out of the cluster. This is how the Kubernetes the hard way tutorial makes things work, if you want to have a look.
Now, if you want to dig further on how cloud providers operate, like I said, most are actually using Kubernetes to automate the client control plane management. There is a cloud-neutral project for this out there called Gardener, they have a few architecture documents which explain the concept a bit further. In their garden metaphor, the seed cluster hosts the client control planes, and the shoot clusters are the client clusters (which are only made of worker nodes, no control-plane node). Another more specialized implementation is Kubernikus for OpenStack.
Now, if you want to dig further on how cloud providers operate, like I said, most are actually using Kubernetes to automate the client control plane management. There is a cloud-neutral project for this out there called Gardener, they have a few architecture documents which explain the concept a bit further. In their garden metaphor, the seed cluster hosts the client control planes, and the shoot clusters are the client clusters (which are only made of worker nodes, no control-plane node). Another more specialized implementation is Kubernikus for OpenStack.
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