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Perhaps the most important CSS methodology to emerge during the web’s transition towards application-like websites was Object Oriented CSS (OOCSS), devised by Nicole Sullivan in 2009. Nicole’s now legendary article, ‘The Media Object Saves Hundreds of Lines of Code’, represented a fundamental rethinking on the composition of CSS rulesets and their relationship to HTML content. Instead of writing CSS styles around specific HTML content or basing styles on the location of content within the DOM, OOCSS prioritized writing reusable styling rules based on design patterns (in the case of the media object: ‘a fixed size media element (e.g. image or video) along with other variable size content (e.g. text)’). As perhaps the first instance of a CSS methodology systematically informed by a visual pattern language, OOCSS was also a critical step towards a more modular, reusable approach to writing CSS.
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As style sheets became the responsibility of larger and larger teams, CSS’ global scope and specificity were often at odds with team dynamics. Style collisions became increasingly common, where changes introduced by one developer would inadvertently affect styles elsewhere on the website. As the old joke goes: two CSS properties walk into a bar; a bar stool in a completely different bar falls over. As these issues and the number of people experiencing them multiplied, so too did new CSS methodologies, particularly those focused on style sheet architectures. Before long, we had SMACSS, SUIT CSS, BEM, ITCSS, and more. Third party supersets of CSS also appeared during this time, such as Sass and LESS, which gave style sheet authors access to scripting features like variables and loops.
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As style sheets became the responsibility of larger and larger teams, CSS’ global scope and specificity were often at odds with team dynamics. Style collisions became increasingly common, where changes introduced by one developer would inadvertently affect styles elsewhere on the website. As the old joke goes: two CSS properties walk into a bar; a bar stool in a completely different bar falls over. As these issues and the number of people experiencing them multiplied, so too did new CSS methodologies, particularly those focused on style sheet architectures. Before long, we had SMACSS, SUIT CSS, BEM, ITCSS, and more. Third party supersets of CSS also appeared during this time, such as Sass and LESS, which gave style sheet authors access to scripting features like variables and loops.
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As style sheets became the responsibility of larger and larger teams, CSS’ global scope and specificity were often at odds with team dynamics. Style collisions became increasingly common, where changes introduced by one developer would inadvertently affect styles elsewhere on the website. As the old joke goes: two CSS properties walk into a bar; a bar stool in a completely different bar falls over. As these issues and the number of people experiencing them multiplied, so too did new CSS methodologies, particularly those focused on style sheet architectures. Before long, we had SMACSS, SUIT CSS, BEM, ITCSS, and more. Third party supersets of CSS also appeared during this time, such as Sass and LESS, which gave style sheet authors access to scripting features like variables and loops.
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