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2022_firingcosts
Replication codes for "Aggregate effects of firing costs with endogenous firm productivity growth" (Macroeconomic Dynamics, 2022)
If the illustration's resolution is high enough, use a digitizer. Some run in your web browser, installation free, cross-platform (e.g., WebPlotDigitizer). And with "indication on the right saying what color is related to", you refer to the addition of a label/a legend.
Why do you want to let this be done by LaTeX? I mean, yes, it is a Turing complete language; on the other hand, why not rely on conditional plot as offered e.g., by Python's matplotlib?
The original question does report the size of the data. Perhaps the permitted latency (finance sector was mentioned) is too short for (interpreted) Python and matplotlib, and analysis and visualization is better off with e.g., Fortran/C and gnuplot instead (2022_firingcosts is just one example from few picks of Fortran in econonmics, the author of this compilation is a financial analyst using Python, R, and Fortran as his tools).