plugins VS etcd

containernetworking-plugins will install the Container Network Interface plugins which are required by kubernetes networking solutions to operate. Now the bundled containerd config doesn't quite work well with what kubernetes requires so we'll make changes to it:

mkdir -p /opt/cni/bin/ && sudo wget https://github.com/containernetworking/plugins/releases/download/v1.1.1/cni-plugins-linux-amd64-v1.1.1.tgz && tar Cxzvf /opt/cni/bin cni-plugins-linux-amd64-v1.1.1.tgz && sed -i 's/disabled_plugins \=/#disabled_plugins \=/g' /etc/containerd/config.toml

curl -L -o cni-plugins.tgz [https://github.com/containernetworking/plugins/releases/download/v1.0.1/cni-plugins-linux-amd64-v1.0.1.tgz](https://github.com/containernetworking/plugins/releases/download/v1.0.1/cni-plugins-linux-amd64-v1.0.1.tgz)

root@localhost:~# curl -L -o cni-plugins.tgz "https://github.com/containernetworking/plugins/releases/download/v1.0.0/cni-plugins-linux-$( [$(uname -m) = aarch64] && echo arm64 || echo amd64)"-v1.0.0.tgz root@localhost:~# mkdir -p /opt/cni/bin root@localhost:~# tar -C /opt/cni/bin -xzf cni-plugins.tgz root@localhost:~# echo 1 | tee /proc/sys/net/bridge/bridge-nf-call-arptables 1 root@localhost:~# echo 1 | tee /proc/sys/net/bridge/bridge-nf-call-ip6tables 1 root@localhost:~# echo 1 | tee /proc/sys/net/bridge/bridge-nf-call-iptables 1

root@kubefire:~# kubefire install INFO[2022-11-11T11:46:13Z] downloading https://raw.githubusercontent.com/innobead/kubefire/v0.3.8/scripts/install-prerequisites.sh to save /root/.kubefire/bin/v0.3.8/install-prerequisites.sh force=false version=v0.3.8 INFO[2022-11-11T11:46:14Z] running script (install-prerequisites.sh) version=v0.3.8 INFO[2022-11-11T11:46:14Z] running /root/.kubefire/bin/v0.3.8/install-prerequisites.sh version=v0.3.8 INFO[2022-11-11T11:46:14Z] + TMP_DIR=/tmp/kubefire INFO[2022-11-11T11:46:14Z] ++ go env GOARCH INFO[2022-11-11T11:46:14Z] ++ echo amd64 INFO[2022-11-11T11:46:14Z] + GOARCH=amd64 INFO[2022-11-11T11:46:14Z] + KUBEFIRE_VERSION=v0.3.8 INFO[2022-11-11T11:46:14Z] + CONTAINERD_VERSION=v1.6.6 + IGNITE_VERION=v0.10.0 INFO[2022-11-11T11:46:14Z] + CNI_VERSION=v1.1.1 + RUNC_VERSION=v1.1.3 INFO[2022-11-11T11:46:14Z] + '[' -z v0.3.8 ']' + '[' -z v1.6.6 ']' + '[' -z v0.10.0 ']' + '[' -z v1.1.1 ']' + '[' -z v1.1.3 ']' INFO[2022-11-11T11:46:14Z] ++ sed -E 's/(v[0-9]+\.[0-9]+\.[0-9]+)[a-zA-Z0-9\-]*/\1/g' INFO[2022-11-11T11:46:14Z] +++ echo v0.3.8 INFO[2022-11-11T11:46:14Z] + STABLE_KUBEFIRE_VERSION=v0.3.8 INFO[2022-11-11T11:46:14Z] + rm -rf /tmp/kubefire INFO[2022-11-11T11:46:14Z] + mkdir -p /tmp/kubefire INFO[2022-11-11T11:46:14Z] + pushd /tmp/kubefire /tmp/kubefire /root INFO[2022-11-11T11:46:14Z] + trap cleanup EXIT ERR INT TERM INFO[2022-11-11T11:46:14Z] + check_virtualization + _is_arm_arch INFO[2022-11-11T11:46:14Z] + uname -m INFO[2022-11-11T11:46:14Z] + grep aarch64 INFO[2022-11-11T11:46:14Z] + return 1 INFO[2022-11-11T11:46:14Z] + lscpu INFO[2022-11-11T11:46:14Z] + grep 'Virtuali[s|z]ation' INFO[2022-11-11T11:46:14Z] Virtualization: VT-x Virtualization type: full INFO[2022-11-11T11:46:14Z] + lsmod INFO[2022-11-11T11:46:14Z] + grep kvm INFO[2022-11-11T11:46:14Z] kvm_intel 372736 0 kvm 1028096 1 kvm_intel INFO[2022-11-11T11:46:14Z] + install_runc + _check_version /usr/local/bin/runc -version v1.1.3 INFO[2022-11-11T11:46:14Z] + set +o pipefail + local exec_name=/usr/local/bin/runc + local exec_version_cmd=-version + local version=v1.1.3 + command -v /usr/local/bin/runc + return 1 + _is_arm_arch INFO[2022-11-11T11:46:14Z] + uname -m INFO[2022-11-11T11:46:14Z] + grep aarch64 INFO[2022-11-11T11:46:14Z] + return 1 INFO[2022-11-11T11:46:14Z] + curl -sfSL https://github.com/opencontainers/runc/releases/download/v1.1.3/runc.amd64 -o runc INFO[2022-11-11T11:46:14Z] + chmod +x runc INFO[2022-11-11T11:46:14Z] + sudo mv runc /usr/local/bin/ INFO[2022-11-11T11:46:14Z] + install_containerd + _check_version /usr/local/bin/containerd --version v1.6.6 INFO[2022-11-11T11:46:14Z] + set +o pipefail + local exec_name=/usr/local/bin/containerd + local exec_version_cmd=--version + local version=v1.6.6 + command -v /usr/local/bin/containerd + return 1 + local version=1.6.6 + local dir=containerd-1.6.6 + _is_arm_arch INFO[2022-11-11T11:46:14Z] + uname -m INFO[2022-11-11T11:46:14Z] + grep aarch64 INFO[2022-11-11T11:46:14Z] + return 1 INFO[2022-11-11T11:46:14Z] + curl -sfSLO https://github.com/containerd/containerd/releases/download/v1.6.6/containerd-1.6.6-linux-amd64.tar.gz INFO[2022-11-11T11:46:15Z] + mkdir -p containerd-1.6.6 INFO[2022-11-11T11:46:15Z] + tar -zxvf containerd-1.6.6-linux-amd64.tar.gz -C containerd-1.6.6 INFO[2022-11-11T11:46:15Z] bin/ bin/containerd-shim INFO[2022-11-11T11:46:15Z] bin/containerd INFO[2022-11-11T11:46:16Z] bin/containerd-shim-runc-v1 INFO[2022-11-11T11:46:16Z] bin/containerd-stress INFO[2022-11-11T11:46:16Z] bin/containerd-shim-runc-v2 INFO[2022-11-11T11:46:16Z] bin/ctr INFO[2022-11-11T11:46:17Z] + chmod +x containerd-1.6.6/bin/containerd containerd-1.6.6/bin/containerd-shim containerd-1.6.6/bin/containerd-shim-runc-v1 containerd-1.6.6/bin/containerd-shim-runc-v2 containerd-1.6.6/bin/containerd-stress containerd-1.6.6/bin/ctr INFO[2022-11-11T11:46:17Z] + sudo mv containerd-1.6.6/bin/containerd containerd-1.6.6/bin/containerd-shim containerd-1.6.6/bin/containerd-shim-runc-v1 containerd-1.6.6/bin/containerd-shim-runc-v2 containerd-1.6.6/bin/containerd-stress containerd-1.6.6/bin/ctr /usr/local/bin/ INFO[2022-11-11T11:46:17Z] + curl -sfSLO https://raw.githubusercontent.com/containerd/containerd/v1.6.6/containerd.service INFO[2022-11-11T11:46:17Z] + sudo groupadd containerd INFO[2022-11-11T11:46:17Z] + sudo mv containerd.service /etc/systemd/system/containerd.service INFO[2022-11-11T11:46:17Z] ++ command -v chgrp INFO[2022-11-11T11:46:17Z] ++ tr -d '\n' INFO[2022-11-11T11:46:17Z] + chgrp_path=/usr/bin/chgrp INFO[2022-11-11T11:46:17Z] + sudo sed -i -E 's#(ExecStart=/usr/local/bin/containerd)#\1\nExecStartPost=/usr/bin/chgrp containerd /run/containerd/containerd.sock#g' /etc/systemd/system/containerd.service INFO[2022-11-11T11:46:17Z] + sudo mkdir -p /etc/containerd INFO[2022-11-11T11:46:17Z] + containerd config default INFO[2022-11-11T11:46:17Z] + sudo tee /etc/containerd/config.toml INFO[2022-11-11T11:46:17Z] + sudo systemctl enable --now containerd INFO[2022-11-11T11:46:17Z] Created symlink /etc/systemd/system/multi-user.target.wants/containerd.service → /etc/systemd/system/containerd.service. INFO[2022-11-11T11:46:17Z] + install_cni + _check_version /opt/cni/bin/bridge --version v1.1.1 + set +o pipefail INFO[2022-11-11T11:46:17Z] + local exec_name=/opt/cni/bin/bridge + local exec_version_cmd=--version + local version=v1.1.1 + command -v /opt/cni/bin/bridge INFO[2022-11-11T11:46:17Z] + return 1 INFO[2022-11-11T11:46:17Z] + mkdir -p /opt/cni/bin INFO[2022-11-11T11:46:17Z] + local f=https://github.com/containernetworking/plugins/releases/download/v1.1.1/cni-plugins-linux-amd64-v1.1.1.tgz + _is_arm_arch INFO[2022-11-11T11:46:17Z] + uname -m INFO[2022-11-11T11:46:17Z] + grep aarch64 INFO[2022-11-11T11:46:17Z] + return 1 INFO[2022-11-11T11:46:17Z] + curl -sfSL https://github.com/containernetworking/plugins/releases/download/v1.1.1/cni-plugins-linux-amd64-v1.1.1.tgz INFO[2022-11-11T11:46:17Z] + tar -C /opt/cni/bin -xz INFO[2022-11-11T11:46:19Z] + install_cni_patches + _is_arm_arch INFO[2022-11-11T11:46:19Z] + uname -m INFO[2022-11-11T11:46:19Z] + grep aarch64 INFO[2022-11-11T11:46:19Z] + return 1 + curl -o host-local-rev -sfSL https://github.com/innobead/kubefire/releases/download/v0.3.8/host-local-rev-linux-amd64 INFO[2022-11-11T11:46:19Z] + chmod +x host-local-rev INFO[2022-11-11T11:46:19Z] + sudo mv host-local-rev /opt/cni/bin/ INFO[2022-11-11T11:46:19Z] + install_ignite + _check_version /usr/local/bin/ignite version v0.10.0 + set +o pipefail INFO[2022-11-11T11:46:19Z] + local exec_name=/usr/local/bin/ignite + local exec_version_cmd=version + local version=v0.10.0 + command -v /usr/local/bin/ignite + return 1 INFO[2022-11-11T11:46:19Z] + for binary in ignite ignited + echo 'Installing ignite...' INFO[2022-11-11T11:46:19Z] Installing ignite... INFO[2022-11-11T11:46:19Z] + local f=https://github.com/weaveworks/ignite/releases/download/v0.10.0/ignite-amd64 + _is_arm_arch INFO[2022-11-11T11:46:19Z] + uname -m INFO[2022-11-11T11:46:19Z] + grep aarch64 INFO[2022-11-11T11:46:19Z] + return 1 + curl -sfSLo ignite https://github.com/weaveworks/ignite/releases/download/v0.10.0/ignite-amd64 INFO[2022-11-11T11:46:20Z] + chmod +x ignite INFO[2022-11-11T11:46:20Z] + sudo mv ignite /usr/local/bin INFO[2022-11-11T11:46:20Z] + for binary in ignite ignited + echo 'Installing ignited...' Installing ignited... + local f=https://github.com/weaveworks/ignite/releases/download/v0.10.0/ignited-amd64 INFO[2022-11-11T11:46:20Z] + _is_arm_arch INFO[2022-11-11T11:46:20Z] + grep aarch64 + uname -m INFO[2022-11-11T11:46:20Z] + return 1 + curl -sfSLo ignited https://github.com/weaveworks/ignite/releases/download/v0.10.0/ignited-amd64 INFO[2022-11-11T11:46:21Z] + chmod +x ignited INFO[2022-11-11T11:46:21Z] + sudo mv ignited /usr/local/bin INFO[2022-11-11T11:46:21Z] + check_ignite + ignite version INFO[2022-11-11T11:46:21Z] Ignite version: version.Info{Major:"0", Minor:"10", GitVersion:"v0.10.0", GitCommit:"4540abeb9ba6daba32a72ef2b799095c71ebacb0", GitTreeState:"clean", BuildDate:"2021-07-19T20:52:59Z", GoVersion:"go1.16.3", Compiler:"gc", Platform:"linux/amd64", SandboxImage:version.Image{Name:"weaveworks/ignite", Tag:"v0.10.0", Delimeter:":"}, KernelImage:version.Image{Name:"weaveworks/ignite-kernel", Tag:"5.10.51", Delimeter:":"}} INFO[2022-11-11T11:46:21Z] Firecracker version: v0.22.4 INFO[2022-11-11T11:46:21Z] + create_cni_default_config INFO[2022-11-11T11:46:21Z] + mkdir -p /etc/cni/net.d/ INFO[2022-11-11T11:46:21Z] + sudo cat INFO[2022-11-11T11:46:21Z] + popd /root + cleanup INFO[2022-11-11T11:46:21Z] + rm -rf /tmp/kubefire

#! /usr/bin/bash # Update apt-get repository and install dependencies apt-get update && apt-get install -y --no-install-recommends dmsetup openssh-client git binutils # Install containerd if it's not present -- prevents breaking docker-ce installations which containerd || apt-get install -y --no-install-recommends containerd # Installing CNI # Current version from https://github.com/containernetworking/cni/releases export CNI_VERSION=v1.0.1 ARCH=$([ "$(uname -m)" = "x86_64" ] && echo amd64 || echo arm64) export ARCH sudo mkdir -p /opt/cni/bin curl -sSL "https://github.com/containernetworking/plugins/releases/download/${CNI_VERSION}/cni-plugins-linux-${ARCH}-${CNI_VERSION}.tgz" | sudo tar -xz -C /opt/cni/bin # Installing Ignite # Get the current version from https://github.com/weaveworks/ignite/releases export VERSION=v0.10.0 GOARCH=$(go env GOARCH 2>/dev/null || echo "amd64") export GOARCH for binary in ignite ignited; do echo "Installing ${binary}..." curl -sfLo ${binary} "https://github.com/weaveworks/ignite/releases/download/${VERSION}/${binary}-${GOARCH}" chmod +x ${binary} sudo mv ${binary} /usr/local/bin done # Check if the installation was successful ignite version

# wget https://github.com/kubernetes-sigs/cri-tools/releases/download/v1.21.0/crictl-v1.21.0-linux-amd64.tar.gz \ https://github.com/opencontainers/runc/releases/download/v1.0.0-rc93/runc.amd64 \ https://github.com/containernetworking/plugins/releases/download/v0.9.1/cni-plugins-linux-amd64-v0.9.1.tgz \ https://github.com/containerd/containerd/releases/download/v1.4.4/containerd-1.4.4-linux-amd64.tar.gz \ https://storage.googleapis.com/kubernetes-release/release/v1.21.0/bin/linux/amd64/kubectl \ https://storage.googleapis.com/kubernetes-release/release/v1.21.0/bin/linux/amd64/kube-proxy \ https://storage.googleapis.com/kubernetes-release/release/v1.21.0/bin/linux/amd64/kubelet

I’m not sure if there is a book on this topic specifically, but the book and RFC I referenced in my earlier post will help you better understand the fundamentals behind these protocols. You can see an example CNI plug-in here to learn about how CNIs are structured.

Also make sure that you have cri-o, crictl, containernetworking-plugins, and buildah or docker installed.

In my home lab, I don’t use (nor need) any of the fancy CNI plugins like calico, cilium or weavenet. I’m really happy with bridge, host-local and portmap from containernetworking/plugins with some static routes between the nodes. The only problem is that I can’t use NetworkPolicies.

sudo dnf -y install curl wget vim ETCD_RELEASE=$(curl -s https://api.github.com/repos/etcd-io/etcd/releases/latest|grep tag_name | cut -d '"' -f 4) echo $ETCD_RELEASE wget https://github.com/etcd-io/etcd/releases/download/${ETCD_RELEASE}/etcd-${ETCD_RELEASE}-linux-amd64.tar.gz tar xvf etcd-${ETCD_RELEASE}-linux-amd64.tar.gz cd etcd-${ETCD_RELEASE}-linux-amd64 sudo mv etcd* /usr/local/bin ls /usr/local/bin /usr/local/bin/etcd --version

Reading the standard library will give you ideas/insight about various Go idiomatic patterns/approaches, and you can see a full website/API implementation in the pkg.go.dev repository (https://github.com/golang/pkgsite). Projects like https://github.com/etcd-io/etcd may be interesting too.

Failure Detection and Recovery It’s not enough to have backup systems. It’s also crucial to detect failures quickly. Modern systems employ monitoring tools and rely on distributed coordination systems such as Zookeeper or etcd to identify faults in real-time: once detected, recovery mechanisms are triggered to restore the service.

Service Discovery: Microservices need to discover and communicate with each other dynamically. Service discovery tools like etcd, Consul, or Kubernetes built-in service discovery mechanisms help locate and connect to microservices running on different nodes within the infrastructure.

APISIX uses etcd to store and synchronize configurations.

etcd is an excellent key-value distributed database used internally by Kubernetes and managed by the CNCF. It's a great option, and that's the reason why Apache APISIX uses it too. Yet, it's not devoid of issues.

Someone on HN (https://news.ycombinator.com/item?id=36682595) suggested etcd (https://etcd.io)

In traditional mode, APISIX stores its configuration in etcd. APISIX offers a rich API to access and update the configuration, the Admin API. In standalone mode, the configuration is just plain YAML. It's the approach for GitOps practitioners: you'd store your configuration in a Git repo, watch it via your favorite tool (e.g., Argo CD or Tekton), and the latter would propagate the changes to APISIX nodes upon changes. APISIX reloads its configuration every second or so.

I am not sure neither. But this might overcome the etcd's soft storage limit of 8GB? [1]

[1] https://github.com/etcd-io/etcd/issues/9771