book VS solana-program-library

You might like Rustlings, which you should probably work through alongside The Book. Rustlings is an interactive learning tool that gives you pieces of Rust code that you need to fix and make compile. It's not really a challenge in the same way as Advent of Code, but it should help to learn the language. Couple that with the book, which is the standard learning resource for Rust, and you should pick up the concepts you are unsure of.

Once you've finished with The Book and possibly Programming Rust, 2nd Edition if you've got the cash for a paid book, read Learning Rust With Entirely Too Many Linked Lists (it helps to solidify what ownership and borrowing mean for data structures) and Rust Design Patterns.

Firstly, I recommend you read the book. It explains pretty much everything you are confused about.

if you want to learn, unambiguously the best resource is "The Book": https://doc.rust-lang.org/book/

If you choose to learn Rust, then I'd strongly recommend reading the first ~15 chapters of https://doc.rust-lang.org/book before getting stuck in to a real project. It covers most of the things you'll likely be unfamilar as TS dev (such as what the Stack and the Heap are, and how ownership semantics work).

A good starter would be https://doc.rust-lang.org/book/

The Rust Book provides a bottom up approach to learning the language. From your background, you'll probably be comfortable with a lot of things in it but it's definitely worth reading through to get insight on the unique features of Rust such as the borrow checker, lifetimes, traits, error handling, etc.

The Rust Programming Language book.

If you can think of a specific DS as an example, maybe Google for a Rust implementation (e.g. "red black tree in rust"). The official book is also very good: https://doc.rust-lang.org/book/

Solana Account Compression Repo

For https://github.com/solana-labs/solana-program-library/blob/master/token/js/client/token.js is there an equivalent page with documentation in a similar format as solana-web3.js?

I initially started reading the code on the Solana Program Library and experimenting but decided to go with Anchor just get started building something more quickly.

If you are like me, you learn best from examples. So I would advise you to look primarily at existing code on github. To give you motivation, you should pick a small project you want to implement. There are a lot of github repositories with examples, for example in the tide repository (tide is a web server framework). building these examples, tweaking them, can already help you get a feel for how things work with very little effort. Of course there are also examples for solana smart contracts.